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Flashcards

FlashcardsSign inStaphylococcus aureusCarriage, pigment and biochemistry, the toxins including the exfoliatives, pneumonia after influenza and the phosphatase test.
FlashcardsSign inStreptococcus pyogenesGroup A streptococcus: colonies, teichoic acid, the pyrogenic exotoxins, invasion and rheumatic fever by the JONES criteria.
FlashcardsSign inStreptococcus agalactiaeGroup B streptococcus: carriage, the distinguishing test, early- and late-onset neonatal disease and intrapartum antibiotics.
FlashcardsSign inStreptococcus pneumoniaeThe pneumococcus: growth and colonies, fermentation media, the Forssman antigen, pneumolysin and the four diseases.
FlashcardsSign inEnterococcusThe two medically important enterococci: Lancefield group D, catalase, the test that splits them and their infections.
FlashcardsSign inStaphylococcus epidermidisThe skin commensal behind device infections: haemolysis, coagulase and polymyxin B results, the glycocalyx and dialysis peritonitis.
FlashcardsSign inStaphylococcus saprophyticusThe urinary coagulase-negative staphylococcus: habitat, haemolysis, polymyxin B, its infections and novobiocin resistance.
FlashcardsSign inStreptococcus viridansS. mutans and S. sanguis: culture, bile solubility, dextran and caries, and the road from dental procedure to endocarditis.
FlashcardsSign inNeisseria meningitidisThe meningococcus: enriched media, the capsule, why DIC follows septicaemia, the rash and the immune-complex sequelae.
FlashcardsSign inNeisseria gonorrhoeaeThe gonococcus: culture needs, iron-scavenging outer membrane proteins, β-lactamase, infections in men and women, Fitz-Hugh–Curtis.
FlashcardsSign inCorynebacterium diphtheriaeDiphtheria: enriched media and Loeffler's slope, the toxin's block on elongation factor 2, myocarditis and the Schick test.
FlashcardsSign inBacillus anthracisAnthrax from the organism up: colonies, fermentation, the oedema and lethal factors, and cutaneous and gut disease.
FlashcardsSign inClostridium perfringensGas gangrene and food poisoning: the alpha toxin, stormy fermentation in litmus milk and intra-abdominal infection.
FlashcardsSign inClostridium botulinumBotulism: the toxin that stops acetylcholine release, infant botulism, its therapeutic uses and why the disease kills.
FlashcardsSign inClostridium tetaniTetanus: the motile spore-former, tetanospasmin and where it acts, the spasms, and prevention and treatment.
FlashcardsSign inClostridium difficileAntibiotic-associated colitis: where the organism lives, how its toxins act, the three laboratory tests and first-line treatment.
FlashcardsSign inKlebsiella pneumoniaeThe capsulated, non-motile rod: urease and siderophores, destructive pneumonia, extrapulmonary disease and treatment.
FlashcardsSign inProteus mirabilisMotility and media, triple sugar iron findings, pili, how alkaline urine builds stones, and the wound infections.
FlashcardsSign inEscherichia coliFrom gut commensal to pathogen: motility and fermentation, the diarrhoeal strains and their toxins, neonatal meningitis and sepsis.
FlashcardsSign inSalmonellaTyphoid and the non-typhoidal salmonellae: colonies, H₂S, the Vi capsule, invasion through the gut and specimens.
FlashcardsSign inShigellaBacillary dysentery: how Shigella differs from Salmonella, colonies, Shiga toxin's vascular damage and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
FlashcardsSign inPseudomonas aeruginosaThe hospital pathogen: oxygen needs, its odour, haemolysis, arginine and triple sugar iron results, settings and skin lesions.
FlashcardsSign inLegionella pneumophilaLegionnaires' disease: why the Gram stain fails, the special agar, spread by aerosol, the chest film and diagnosis.
FlashcardsSign inVibrio choleraeCholera: where vibrios live, colonies and the selective agar, nitrate reduction, how the toxin enters the cell and the diarrhoea.
FlashcardsSign inCampylobacter jejuniThe thermophilic, microaerophilic curved rod: growth, the three stages of pathogenesis, bloody diarrhoea and reactive arthritis.
FlashcardsSign inHelicobacter pyloriThe urease-making spiral of the stomach: growth, motility, how it survives acid, the diseases it causes and diagnosis.
FlashcardsSign inYersinia pestisPlague: the organism behind the Black Death, its reservoirs, the V and W antigens and outer proteins, the forms of disease and culture.
FlashcardsSign inYersinia enterocoliticaThe food-borne yersinia: its sources including meat, fermentation and biochemistry, colonies, and the appendicitis it can mimic.
FlashcardsSign inYersinia pseudotuberculosisTransmission, lactose and culture temperature, self-limiting gastroenteritis, complications in children and the key specimens.
FlashcardsSign inHaemophilus influenzaeH. influenzae and its relatives: X and V factors, Fildes' agar, meningitis, Brazilian purpuric fever and chancroid.
FlashcardsSign inBordetella pertussisWhooping cough: pertussis toxin and the lymphocytosis, filamentous haemagglutinin, Bordet–Gengou culture and specimens.
FlashcardsSign inBrucellaBrucellosis: the species that infect humans, routes of entry, survival inside phagocytes, bone disease and selective culture.
FlashcardsSign inPasteurella multocidaThe cat- and dog-bite coccobacillus: culture, virulence factors, the fast cellulitis after a bite and when the nodes swell.
FlashcardsSign inFrancisella tularensisTularaemia: the small Gram-negative coccobacillus, its reservoir, three routes of spread, the tick vector and the ulcer.
FlashcardsSign inMycobacterium tuberculosisThe tubercle bacillus: why the Gram stain misses it, primary infection and reactivation, culture media, specimens and tests.
FlashcardsSign inMycobacterium lepraeLeprosy: why it is acid-fast, phenolic glycolipid 1, the tuberculoid and lepromatous poles, the lepromin test and lepra reactions.
FlashcardsSign inAtypical mycobacteriaThe non-tuberculous mycobacteria: who causes cervical lymphadenitis, and how the M. avium complex spreads and is treated.
FlashcardsSign inActinomycesThe branching Gram-positive rod: the three clinical forms of actinomycosis, how each spreads, culture and the club-shaped granules.
FlashcardsSign inTreponema pallidumSyphilis: why the Gram stain fails, transmission, the stages, congenital infection, the treponemal tests and treatment.
FlashcardsSign inBorrelia burgdorferiLyme disease: the spirochaete, its mouse–tick–human cycle, and the three stages from the first rash on.
FlashcardsSign inBorrelia recurrentisLouse-borne relapsing fever: the vector, transmission, antigenic variation and the illness it causes.
FlashcardsSign inLeptospira interrogansThe question-mark spirochaete: its animal reservoir, spread through urine in water, the flu-like illness and conjunctival suffusion.
FlashcardsSign inChlamydiaElementary and reticulate bodies, genital infection and PID, trachoma, C. pneumoniae and psittacosis, card by card.
FlashcardsSign inMycoplasma pneumoniaeThe smallest free-living bacterium: no cell wall, P1 attachment, walking pneumonia from first cough to diagnosis.
FlashcardsSign inRickettsiaThe Weil–Felix test, tick-borne Rocky Mountain spotted fever and louse-borne epidemic typhus, rash by rash.
FlashcardsSign inAtypical organisms — comparisonChlamydia, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia side by side: energy parasitism, staining, inclusion bodies and the atypical pneumonias.
FlashcardsSign inBacterial diarrhoea — comparisonWatery, bloody or vomiting: which organisms cause each, the toxins behind them, their sources, the laboratory and treatment.
FlashcardsSign inClostridium — comparisonTelling the four clostridia apart: morphology and culture, toxins and syndromes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
FlashcardsSign inCurved Gram-negative rods — comparisonVibrio, Campylobacter and Helicobacter told apart: growth, biochemistry, the diarrhoeal toxins, ulcers and treatment.
FlashcardsSign inEnterobacteriaceae — comparisonKlebsiella, Proteus, E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella told apart by lactose, urease, motility, H₂S, media and disease.
FlashcardsSign inGram-negative coccobacilli — comparisonSix Gram-negative coccobacilli: their animal sources, isolation media, laboratory discriminators, diseases and treatment.
FlashcardsSign inGram-positive cocci — comparisonStaphylococci, streptococci and enterococci told apart: catalase, coagulase, haemolysis, Lancefield groups and treatment.
FlashcardsSign inMycobacteria and Actinomyces — comparisonTuberculosis, leprosy, the atypical mycobacteria and Actinomyces side by side: acid-fastness, spread, immunity and prophylaxis.
FlashcardsSign inNeisseria — comparisonMeningococcus against gonococcus: capsule, culture inhibitors, β-lactamase, endotoxin, the diseases and who gets prophylaxis.
FlashcardsSign inSpirochaetes — comparisonTreponema, Borrelia and Leptospira told apart by shape, vector or route, reservoir, immune evasion, disease and treatment.
FlashcardsSign inYersinia — comparisonPlague against the two enteric yersiniae: source, urease, fermentation, selective media and the appendicitis-like triad.