Flashcards

FlashcardsSign inNature and Structure of VirusesThe seven features that define a virus, why they cannot grow on cell-free media, capsid symmetry, and naked against enveloped.

FlashcardsSign inImmune Response to VirusesInnate and adaptive defence against viruses, the primary and secondary responses, and the cells that kill infected cells.

FlashcardsSign inHerpesviridaeThe herpesvirus family: Baltimore class, the eight human herpesviruses, the three subfamilies, latency and what reactivates it.

FlashcardsSign inHerpes Simplex Virus Type 1HSV-1: transmission, orofacial and eye disease, the four groups of manifestation, disseminated infection and the Tzanck smear.

FlashcardsSign inHerpes Simplex Virus Type 2HSV-2: genital herpes, neonatal infection, nervous system disease, disseminated infection and the Tzanck smear.

FlashcardsSign inVaricella-Zoster VirusVaricella-zoster: spread, the chickenpox rash, shingles on reactivation, post-herpetic neuralgia, neonatal infection and the vaccine.

FlashcardsSign inEpstein-Barr VirusEBV: transmission, infectious mononucleosis and its other names, Duncan syndrome, how it turns cells malignant and Burkitt's lymphoma.

FlashcardsSign inCytomegalovirusHow CMV spreads, congenital infection, heterophile-negative mononucleosis, owl's-eye inclusions, transplant disease and ganciclovir.

FlashcardsSign inHuman Herpesvirus 6HHV-6: its two variants, sixth disease (roseola) and the syndrome seen in older patients.

FlashcardsSign inHuman Herpesvirus 8HHV-8: transmission, the groups at risk, Kaposi sarcoma, Castleman's disease and primary effusion lymphoma.

FlashcardsSign inHuman PapillomavirusHPV: the commonest STI, E6 and E7, the wart types, its share of cervical cancer and screening.

FlashcardsSign inAdenovirusIts Baltimore class, the systems it infects, E1A and the tumour suppressor, the three types of infection, latency and pneumonia.

FlashcardsSign inParvovirus B19Parvovirus B19: Baltimore class, spread, fifth disease and the course of infection, and the aplastic crisis in sickle cell disease.

FlashcardsSign inMonkeypox VirusMpox and the poxviruses: Baltimore class, the two infectious forms, spread through the body, incubation and lesions of one age.

FlashcardsSign inMolluscum Contagiosum VirusThe poxvirus of pearly skin papules: its genus, how the lesions look and where they appear.

FlashcardsSign inPoliovirusThe picornaviruses, poliovirus's capsid proteins, the anterior horn cells, paralytic polio and the oral against injected vaccine.

FlashcardsSign inRotavirusRotavirus: the segmented double-stranded RNA genome, the protein that acts as an enterotoxin, where it replicates, and immunity.

FlashcardsSign inInfluenza VirusInfluenza A, B and C: Baltimore class, subtypes, how infected cells die, complications beyond the lung and the antivirals.

FlashcardsSign inParainfluenza VirusParainfluenza: Baltimore class, target cells, envelope proteins, limited immune memory and the type behind croup and pneumonia.

FlashcardsSign inRespiratory Syncytial VirusRSV: Baltimore class, transmission, what the virus lacks, bronchiolitis in infants, disease in adults and the drug of choice.

FlashcardsSign inCoronaviridaeTheir Baltimore class, hosts and spread, the common-cold coronaviruses, and variants of concern and under monitoring.

FlashcardsSign inSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2SARS-CoV-2: classification, the spike protein, the sequence of lung injury, disease severity, long COVID and treatment.

FlashcardsSign inMeasles VirusMeasles: Baltimore class, receptor, where infection begins, immune suppression and secondary infection, complications and SSPE.

FlashcardsSign inMumps VirusMumps: Baltimore class, spread, the core proteins, the two routes to the parotid, who gets it and the other glands involved.

FlashcardsSign inRubella VirusRubella: Baltimore class, entry and spread, the Forchheimer sign, complications in children and first-trimester infection.

FlashcardsSign inRabies VirusRabies: the rhabdovirus genera, dog bites, retrograde travel along nerves, interferon evasion, furious and dumb rabies, and vaccine.

FlashcardsSign inVesicular Stomatitis VirusThe rhabdovirus of animals: transmission, disease in animals against humans, and its use in vaccines and therapy.

FlashcardsSign inArbovirusesThe arthropod-borne viruses by family: the equine encephalitides, the reovirus member, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and their diseases.

FlashcardsSign inDengue VirusDengue: target cells, routes of spread, the three clinical syndromes, haemorrhagic fever and the vaccine.

FlashcardsSign inYellow Fever VirusYellow fever: the three transmission cycles, incubation, the acute phase and the toxic phase.

FlashcardsSign inChikungunya VirusThe mosquito-borne alphavirus: its target cells, the acute phase, incubation and the Chik sign.

FlashcardsSign inRift Valley Fever VirusRift Valley fever: its family, who it infects, and the mild and severe forms of disease.

FlashcardsSign inHantavirusHantavirus: its family and three-segment genome, the rodent reservoir, what it lacks and the interferons it induces.

FlashcardsSign inLymphocytic Choriomeningitis VirusLCMV and the other arenaviruses: the ambisense genome, its properties and how it reaches humans.

FlashcardsSign inEbola VirusEbola: its family and reservoir, structural proteins, what injures the vessels, established therapies and safe burial.

FlashcardsSign inHuman Immunodeficiency VirusHIV-1 and HIV-2: the retroviruses, genes, CD4 count over time, opportunistic infections, testing and the antiretroviral classes.

FlashcardsSign inHepatitis A VirusHepatitis defined, then the enteric hepatitis A: a naked virus shed in faeces, the pre-icteric phase and cholestatic hepatitis.

FlashcardsSign inHepatitis E VirusHepatitis E: family and capsid, zoonotic spread, the usual course and who is at risk of fulminant hepatitis.

FlashcardsSign inHepatitis B VirusHepatitis B: its particles, chronic and occult infection, where chronic active hepatitis leads and how to read the serology.

FlashcardsSign inHepatitis D VirusThe defective virus that borrows hepatitis B's envelope: transmission, its one protein, diagnosis and acute against chronic.

FlashcardsSign inHepatitis C VirusHepatitis C: classification and hosts, chronicity, incubation, its share of liver cancer and genotyping.

FlashcardsSign inHepatitis G VirusHepatitis G, now human pegivirus: family, transmission, outcome, diagnosis and its effect on HIV co-infection.

FlashcardsSign inBacteriophagesViruses of bacteria: lysogeny and the switch to the lytic cycle, phage therapy and why it auto-doses, and food uses.

FlashcardsSign inOncogenic VirusesViruses and cancer: the share of tumours they cause, proto-oncogenes, transformed cells, and how DNA viruses and retroviruses do it.

FlashcardsSign inHuman T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1HTLV-1: adult T-cell leukaemia, transmission, the Tax and HBZ genes and how it causes cancer.

FlashcardsSign inPrionsPrions: what they are, spongiform change, the classes of prion disease, the misfolded protein and the clinical picture.

FlashcardsSign inEmerging and Re-emerging InfectionsWhat makes an infection emerging or re-emerging, why they matter, what fuels them and how they spread.

FlashcardsSign inZika VirusZika: where it was first found, its two lineages, the transmission cycles and congenital Zika syndrome.

FlashcardsSign inAntiviral VaccinesWhat a vaccine is, live attenuated against killed, subunit and toxoid vaccines, and the advantages of each.

FlashcardsSign inDiagnostic Methods in VirologyIsolating viruses in cell culture, the serology of a primary infection, ELISA and competitive ELISA, and the gold standard.